Cathode Rays
X-Rays
Radioactivity
Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Becquerel, Madame Curie and Pierre Curie for which they jointly won Noble Prize.
Nuclear Fission
Atom Bomb is based on nuclear fission. U-235 an P-239 are used for fissionable material.
Nuclear fission was first demonstrated by Halin and Fritz Strassmann.
Nuclear Fusion
When two or more nuclei combine together to form heavier nucleus is called as nuclear fusion.
For nuclear fusion, a temperature of the order of 10^8K is required.
Hydrogen bomb was made by American Scientist in 1952. This is based on nuclear fusion. It is 1000 times more powerful than atom bomb.
Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile
- To produce electrical energy from the energy during fission.
- To produce different isotopes, this can be used medical, physical and agriculture science.
- Cathode rays, discovered by Sir William Crooke.
- These are travel in straight lines.
- These produce fluorescence.
- These can produce through thin foils of metal and deflected by both electric and magnetic fields.
- These have velocity ranging 1/30th to 1/10th of the velocity of light.
- Canal rays were discovered by Goldstein.
- These ray consists of positively charged particles.
- These travel in straight line.
- These rays are deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
- These ray can produce ionization in gases.
X-Rays
- These are discovered by Roentgen.
- These are electromagnetic waves with wavelength range 0.1A-100A.
- These travel in straight line.
- Long exposures of X-rays injurious for human body.
- X-rays shows photoelectric effect.
- In medical science these are used in surgery for detection of fracture, diseased organs, foreign like bullet, stone etc. They are used in treatment of cancer and in skin disease.
- In engineering, X-rays are used in detecting faults, cracks, flaws and gas pockets in the finished metal products and in heavy metal sheets.
- In scientific work, X-rays are used in studying crystal structure and complex molecules.
- In custom Department X-rays are used in custom department for detection of banned materials which are kept hidden.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Becquerel, Madame Curie and Pierre Curie for which they jointly won Noble Prize.
Nuclear Fission
Atom Bomb is based on nuclear fission. U-235 an P-239 are used for fissionable material.
Nuclear fission was first demonstrated by Halin and Fritz Strassmann.
Nuclear Fusion
When two or more nuclei combine together to form heavier nucleus is called as nuclear fusion.
For nuclear fusion, a temperature of the order of 10^8K is required.
Hydrogen bomb was made by American Scientist in 1952. This is based on nuclear fusion. It is 1000 times more powerful than atom bomb.
Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile
- Nuclear reactor is an arrangement, in which controlled nuclear reaction takes place.
- First nuclear reactor was created by Chicago University under supervision of Prof. Enrico Fermi.
- Heavy water, graphite and beryllium oxide are used to slow down the fast moving neutrons. The are called moderate or moderator.
- Fissionable fuel U-235 or U-239 is used.
- Control rods of Cadmium or Boron are used to absorb excess neutron produced in fission of uranium nucleus, so that the chain reaction controlled.
- To produce electrical energy from the energy during fission.
- To produce different isotopes, this can be used medical, physical and agriculture science.