ACID
- Acids are sour in taste, sharp odor, they are corrosive with active metal, change the color of certain vegetable dye, such as litmus from blue to red, loose acidity when they are combined with alkalies(Base).
- Vinegar taste sour because it is dilute solution of acetic acid in water. Lemon Juice tastes sour because it contains citric acid, Non-Metal etc.
- Arrhenius concept: Acid release a hydrogen ion H+ into water(aqueous) solution such as HCL - hydrochloric acid.
- Bronsted Lowery concept: An acid is molecule or ion which is capable of donating a proton.
- Lewis concept: An acid is a substance which can accept an electron e.g. carbon dioxide.
BASE
- Base are bitter in taste, low smell, change litmus paper form red to blue, become less alkaline(base) when combined with acid.
- Caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide) NaOH, Caustic potash, Potassium hydroxide KOH, lime water (Calcium hydroxide) Ca(OH)2, Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 metals etc.
- Arrhenius concept: Base release hydroxide ion into water (aqueous) solution.
- Bronsted Lowery concept: A base is molecule or ion which is capable of accepting a proton.
Note:
- Base neutralize acid in neutralization reaction vice versa.
- Strongest acid that are 100% ionized.
- Acids are sour in taste, sharp odor, they are corrosive with active metal, change the color of certain vegetable dye, such as litmus from blue to red, loose acidity when they are combined with alkalies(Base).
- Vinegar taste sour because it is dilute solution of acetic acid in water. Lemon Juice tastes sour because it contains citric acid, Non-Metal etc.
- Arrhenius concept: Acid release a hydrogen ion H+ into water(aqueous) solution such as HCL - hydrochloric acid.
- Bronsted Lowery concept: An acid is molecule or ion which is capable of donating a proton.
- Lewis concept: An acid is a substance which can accept an electron e.g. carbon dioxide.
BASE
- Base are bitter in taste, low smell, change litmus paper form red to blue, become less alkaline(base) when combined with acid.
- Caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide) NaOH, Caustic potash, Potassium hydroxide KOH, lime water (Calcium hydroxide) Ca(OH)2, Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 metals etc.
- Arrhenius concept: Base release hydroxide ion into water (aqueous) solution.
- Bronsted Lowery concept: A base is molecule or ion which is capable of accepting a proton.
- Lewis concept: An base is a substance which can produce an electron e.g. carbon dioxide.
Note:
- Base neutralize acid in neutralization reaction vice versa.
- Strongest acid that are 100% ionized.
- HNO3 - nitric acid
- HCl1 - hydrochloric acid
- H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
- HClO4 - perchloric acid
- HBr1 - hydrobromic acid
- HI1 - hydroiodic acid
Important acid and their pressence
- Acetic Acid - Vinegar
- Formic Acid - Red ant's string
- Citric Acid - Citrus fruits like lemon, oragnes
- Lactic Acid - Curd
- Ascorbic Acid - Amla
- Tartaric Acid - Grapes, Unripe mangoes.
- Strong base that are 100% ionized.
- LiOH1 - lithium hydroxide
- NaOH1 - sodium hydroxide
- KOH1 - potassium hydroxide
- RbOH1 - rubidium hydroxide
- (Mg(OH)2 - magnesium hydroxide)
- (Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide)
pH Scale
pH scale measure the acidic and basic strength of an aqueous solution. Solution have pH value less than 7 is considered as acidic. Solution have pH value more than 7 is considered as basic.
pH value of Important solutions.
- Tears - 7.4
- Blood - 7.3-7.5
- Urine - 5.5 -7.5
- Saliva - 6.5 -7.5
- Coffee - 4.5 - 5.5
- Beer - 4.0 - 5.0
- Wine - 2.8 - 3.8
- Vinegar - 2.4 - 3.4
Buffer solution: Solution that change its pH value when a small amount of acid or base is added to them.
Important Metals and their Uses:
- Acidic buffer solution has PH value less than 7.
- Basic buffer solution has pH value greater than 7.
- pH value of blood is maintained with help of H2CO3/HCO3 buffer inspite of many acidic food we eat.
Salts
- When acidic and basic solutions are mixed in proportion than their own nature is destroyed and Salt is formed.
- Acid turn blue litmus to red and base turn red litmus blue.
- Formation of salt after mixing base and acidic is called neutralisation reaction.
Important Metals and their Uses:
Metals:
- Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity. Metals are malleable and ductile.
- Gold and Silver are most malleable and best ductile metals.
- Best conductor of electricity: Silver > Copper > Gold
- Aluminium and copper are good conductor of heat that's why cooking utensils are made of them.
- Mercury offer high resistance to flow of electric current.
- Sodium and Potassium can be easily cut by knife.
- Metal are electropositive in nature they have tendency to loose electron to gain stability.
- Almost all the metal oxide are basic in nature but zinc oxide and aluminium oxide are atmospheric.
Alkali metals and their compounds
- Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity. Metals are malleable and ductile.
- Gold and Silver are most malleable and best ductile metals.
- Best conductor of electricity: Silver > Copper > Gold
- Aluminium and copper are good conductor of heat that's why cooking utensils are made of them.
- Mercury offer high resistance to flow of electric current.
- Sodium and Potassium can be easily cut by knife.
- Metal are electropositive in nature they have tendency to loose electron to gain stability.
- Almost all the metal oxide are basic in nature but zinc oxide and aluminium oxide are atmospheric.
Alkali metals and their compounds
- Metal of first group are called alkali metals.
- This group lies in s-block of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metal have their outermost electron in an s-orbital.
- Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium are alkali metals
- These metal are stored under kerosene or liquid paraffin's to protect them from action of air.
Sodium Chloride NaCl
- Commonly known as table salt.
- Used in the manufacturing of sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas.
- It is used as a starting material in manufacturing of caustic soda.
- It is used in the removing of ice from the road, now a days CaCl2 and MgCl2 are also used for this purpose.
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
- Used in refining of bauxite material.
- Used in soap, dyes and artificial industries.
Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3
- It is commonly known as baking soda.
- Used for wool washing.
- Used in fire extinguisher.
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3
- Commonly known as washing soda.
- Used for softening of hard water.
- Mixture of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate is known as Fusion mixture.
Sodium Sulphate
- Commonly known as Glauber's salt.
- It is used as purgative.
Sodium Thiosulphate
- It is also known as Hypo and used in the photography as fixing agent.
Potassium Carbonate
- It is also known as pearl ash.
Potassium Hydroxide
- Commonly known as caustic potash.
- Use in the preparation of soft soap.
- Its aqueous solution is known as potash Iye.
Potassium superoxide.
- Used in space capsules, submarines and breathing mask as it removes in carbon dioxide and carbon monoixide.